Bousille Et Les Justes Essays - Paul Hay Du Chastelet,

Bousille Et Les Justes Une quarantaine d'ann?e pass?es, il semble que les gens d?sordonnaient souvent leurs priorit?s. Dans la pi?ce Bousille et les Justes, Gratien G?linas fait transpirer plusieurs th?mes, en voici trois qu'il ?labore in addition to profond?ment. Premi?rement, il y a l'id?e de l'hypocrisie qui se rapporte ? plusieurs episodes cl?s dans la pi?ce. Ensuite il y a la fausse respectabilit? qui est tr?s ?vidente en plusieurs circonstances. Et en troisi?me lieu, la odd notion religieuse est clairement d?montr?e. Pour d?buter, le theme de l'hypocrisie est bien ?work? standard l'auteur. Un personnage qui ?tablit parfaitement le r?le wolf in sheep's clothing est Phil Vezeau. ? un second, Aurore et Henri s'inqui?tent de la r?putation de la famille si Aim? est condamn?. Phil, faisant child narrow minded person dit: ** .... on est du bon monde, le petit J?sus ne nous laissera pas le nez dans la crotte** (p.17). Ceci montre qu'il ne prend pas l'affaire au s?rieux m?me s'il voit que les autres en souffrent. Un autre exemple est lorsqu'il parle ? Bousille. Ce dernier est nerveux pour le proc?s, il a peur de t?moigner vehicle il ne veut pas mentir. Phil dit tout simplement ? Bousille qu'il devrait critical la v?rit? m?me s'il sait que Bousille ne peut pas ?tre v?ritable s'il veut qu'Aim? soit acquitt?. Ironiquement, il essaie in addition to tard de convaincre Bousille de parjurer. Un autre personnage significatif serait Henri qui dit ? Bousille qu'il r?ve qu'Aim? a frapp? Bruno Maltais une seconde foi s. Il dit cela pensant que Bousille n'?tait pas assez insightful pour savoir la diff?rence. Additionally tard, il proceed ? bombarder Bousille d'insultes. Il dit que **...le malheur avec [Bousille], c'est [qu'il] a la t?te enfl?e, en in addition to du genou.** (p.89). Ce dernier extrait d?montre la d?loyaut? d'Henri envers Bousille. Tous ces exemples prouvent que certains personnages dans cette pi?ce peuvent ?tre tr?s effront?s et scoundrels. En in addition to d'?tre gossiers, les personnages de cette oeuvre pr?sente une fausse respectabilit? entre eux. C'est ? desperate que chaque fois que quelqu'un se tourne le dos, un autre le d?grade verbalement. Un exemple concret serait le manque de regard envers Bousille vehicle il est loaned. Standard exemple, il y an un moment ou Aurore dit que Bousille est **...un chien de garde avec des b?quilles! ? peine assez d?lur? pour distinguer sa bottine inept de sa bottine droit.** (p.27) Mais, lorsque Bousille se montre la face, Aurore lui traite comme un ?tre ordinary. Aussi, il serait simple ? voir cette discourteousness quand Henri et Aurore discutent ? propos de l'accident d'Aim? et de Bousille. Les deux montrent de la sympathie pour lui et lui text style croire qu'il les doit quelque picked vehicle ils ont pay? pour child hospitalization. Mais, en v?rit? Bousille ne les doit rien et il aurait m?me pu poursuivre une charge juridique contre Aim?. Malgr? tout ceci, Henri a quand m?me l'audace de critical que ** [Bousille] aurait reprise dix ans pour poursuivre qu'il serait trop b?te pour en profiter.** (p.77) Non seulement est-ce qu'ils traitent Bousille comme cela mais ils se traitent de cette fa?on entre eux aussi. Pour ?worker, il y a la circonstance ou Aurore parle contre No?lla. Elle a bien parl? de No?lla pendant longtemps et tout d'un upset elle dit qu'il **...y a des jours o? [elle] se demande si elle est pour ou contre [eux]...** (p.28). Avec tout ceci, il est simple ? d?duire que l'auteur voulait mettre en ?vidence le th?me de la fausse respectabilit?. En in addition to de ces deux derniers th?mes, G?linas voulait aussi montrer la odd notion qu'on les personnages envers leur religion. D'abord, il est vu que plusieurs entre eux demandent des faveurs aux holy people et croient qu'ils peuvent les repayer en priant ou en faisant chanter des messes. Un cas exemplaire de ceci est lors du chapelet en famille. La m?re dit ? sainte Anne que **...si [elle l'exauce, elle lui promet] un playmate p?lerinage en famille!**. (p.70) ? ce m?me second, la m?re dit aussi ? la m?me sainte qu'elle **...va critical ce chapelet en [son] honneur...** (p.70) si elle fait qu'Aim? soit proclam? honest. Les Grenons semblent aussi penser que s'ils sont loyaux ? leur croyances, ils auront la r?putation d'?tre du bon monde. Standard exemple, ils croient fermement qu'ils devraient emmener le

Change †Analysis of ‘Growing Old’ by Matthew Arnold Essay

Developing OldWhat is it to develop old?Is it to lose the magnificence of the form,The brilliance of the eye?Is it for excellence to forego her wreath?Yes, however not for this by itself. Is it to feel our quality - Not our blossom just, yet our quality - decay?Is it to feel each limbGrow stiffer, each capacity less exact,Each nerve all the more pitifully strung?Yes, this, and the sky is the limit from there! in any case, not,Ah, ’tis not what in youth we imagined ‘twould be!’Tis not to have our lifeMellowed and mollified similarly as with dusk glow,A brilliant day’s decline!’Tis not to see the worldAs from a stature, with riveted prophetic eyes,And heart significantly stirred;And sob, and feel the fulness of the past,The years that are no more!It is to spend long daysAnd not once feel that we were ever youthful. It is to include, immuredIn the hot jail of the present, monthTo month with tired torment. It is to endure this,And feel yet half, and weakly, what we feel:Deep in our concealed heartFesters the dull recognition of a change,But no feeling - none. It is - last phase of all - When we are solidified up inside, and quiteThe apparition of ourselves,To hear the world acclaim the empty ghostWhich accused the living man. Matthew ArnoldGrowing oldTitle: Growing oldText type: PoemComposer: Arnold, Matthew’Growing old’ is a sonnet which shows the progressions everybody will in the end experience when maturing. It investigates a person’s sentiments towards mature age, and how they change as a sentiment of being old dominates. The author considers developing to be as substantially more than a great many people, he considers it to be lost soul and soul, and the last phase of mankind though numerous individuals partner developing old with lost fascination and vitality. This can be seen when he tends to the old individual as a ‘hollow ghost’ in the last stanza. There are two parts of progress appeared in this sonnet. An individual can change genuinely, for example, appearance and can likewise change intellectually, for example, thoughtsâ and sentiments. Through age, our physical change is effectively watched and is outside our ability to control. As we step into mature age, we understand that we are less momentous. What is it to develop old?Is it to lose the brilliance of the form,The gloss of the eye?Is it for magnificence to forego her wreath?Yes, yet not for this by itself. The author expounds on the physical change which happens through mature age, however recommends that that isn't such changes. The arranger additionally pinpoints on the devastation and tediousness endured the procedure of mature age and makes an inclination that it is nearly the stopping point for a person’s life, â€Å"A brilliant day’s decline!†Even however an old individual is as yet living, their soul does not remain anymore. How the old individual currently sees life is altogether different to how he/she took a gander at life when he/she was youthful, taking a gander at life rather than looking forward. ‘Tis not to see the worldAs from a tallness, with riveted prophetic eyes,And heart significantly stirred;And sob, and feel the totality of the past,The years that are no more!The author recommends that living in mature age is dreary and tedious, unobtrusively sitting tight for quite a while for something very similar. Our soul which was once sparkling brilliantly is presently similar to a diminished light, pausing, gradually, to be extinguished. At mature age, all we have left to live off of are the recollections of when things changed for us, a real existence which was more confident than the one we are presently living, where we are continually anticipating an adjustment in our life. It is to endure this,And feel however half, and weakly, what we feel:Deep in our concealed heartFesters the dull recognition of a change,But no feeling - none. In this sonnet, mature age feels as if a snare is set on us, getting us far from circumstance and euphoria. This is felt when we start to feel old. We are possibly discharged from this snare when we let go of this world, being at the â€Å"last stage† of mankind. â€Å"The apparition of ourselves†, proposes that we are what we need to be, in the event that we set out to be desolate in our mature age, we will just hope to be forlorn. It is - last phase of all - When we are solidified up inside, and quiteThe apparition of ourselves,To hear the world praise the empty ghostWhich accused the living man. From this content, I have discovered that mature age isn't what influences us. It is our mindset that influences us the most. In any event, when it is near the finish of the excursion for us, we can at present pick the kind of life we need to live. We can decide to have a glad end from this world, so it doesn’t must be long periods of â€Å"weary pain†.

History of Super Bowl Weather Delays and Cancellations

Could 2018s Super Bowl LI be delayed or postponed due to inclement weather? Given that the 52nd  Super Bowl game will be held at the  U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, theres a chance there could be snow in the forecast. Still, in NFL Super Bowl history, no game has ever been delayed due to weather. (Super Bowl XLVII in 2014 was the first, and so far, the only game to be delayed. The Ravens-49ers game was delayed for 34 minutes in the third quarter, thanks  to an electrical mishap.) But that doesnt mean weather hasnt tried to.   Super Bowls Turned Snow Bowls Although a weather contingency plan has never had to be implemented in Super Bowl history, there have been a handful of close calls when the Super Bowl was at risk of being delayed.   Super Bowl XLI. February is normally Floridas dry season, but in 2007, an active jet stream and a nearby stationary front converged, leading to monsoon rains in Miami. The game still went on, but not even ponchos were enough to keep fans in the stadium dry. Many left their seats and took shelter in the stadium concourse, or simply left the game early.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Super Bowl XLV.  At the start of Super Bowl week 2011, all eyes were drawn to Arlington, Texas, when the host city was hit by an ice storm. Later in the week, an additional 4 inches of snow fell. An arctic front helped the snow and ice linger all week long, and kept temperatures in the 20s and 30s. But by the weekend, the wintry weather had thawed.     Super Bowl XLVIII. Weather contingency plans were on hand for 2014s Super Bowl -- the first to be played in an outdoor venue at a cold-weather city (East Rutherford, New Jersey). Not only did a winter storm drop a mountain of snow on the MetLife Stadium just before Superb owl week, but the  Farmers Almanac predicted another round of heavy snow was on tap for Super Bowl weekend. Luckily, when it came down to game time, the weather cooperated with cloudy skies and an air temperature of 49 °F at kickoff -- nearly 10-15 degrees above normal for the city. (Oddly enough, a winter storm hit the next day, blanketing the city in 8 inches of snow and stranding many Super Bowl travelers.) The Warm-Climate Rule Surprised at the lack of weather delays despite the Super Bowl being played mid-winter? One reason for this is because football, like our US postal service, has a neither snow, nor rain, nor heat... culture. But, a second, lesser-known reason  is the leagues warm-climate rule -- a sort of built-in weather contingency plan that must be met when choosing the Super Bowls host city.   The NFLs warm-climate requirement mandates  the host stadium location have an average temperature of 50 °F (10 °C) or above for that years scheduled Super Bowl date. At least, thats the way the NFL and Host Committee used to pick potential Super Bowl cities. In 2010, this warm-climate requirement was waived, giving cold-weather cities with open-air stadiums a fair chance at also hosting a Super Bowl. What was the reason for the  change? The chance to offer a new experience for football fans attending in-person and watching at home. In the sentiments of NFL Commissioner Roger Goodall, ...The game of football is made to be played in the elements.  Ã‚   Football in the Bleak Mid-Winter Why is the Super Bowl held in  winter, anyway? Its certainly NOT a matter of preference. Its simply the timing of the NFL schedule. Opening season is always the weekend after Labor Day (the first Monday in September) in early fall; add in the 17-week regular season, three rounds of playoffs, and you land exactly five months later into late winter. Additional playoffs have pushed the Super Bowl date out from early to mid-January to February, but still winter nonetheless.          Winter weather can wreak havoc on football  in a number of ways: Snow.  Snow makes for a slippery football field, but its primary threat is its color.   covering white goal lines, end lines, hash marks. If snowfall is particularly heavy, or if winds are driving winds, it can also mean reduced or no visibility for players on the field.Sleet, freezing rain.  Ice on the field poses a similar threat to players as it does to pedestrians and drivers on roadways and sidewalks: a total loss of traction.Frost.  If temperatures are cold enough, you dont even need snow or ice to freeze the grass (or turf) underfoot -- frost is enough to do the job. To combat this, many cold-climate stadiums are outfitted with a system of underground electric coils or underground pipes filled with antifreeze (yes, the same stuff thats in your car) to keep the field soft.Cold Air.  Even if you dont have to worry about a frozen field, cold weather still poses another threat to the game: under-inflated footballs. A football (which is customarily inflated indoors) can d eflate by roughly 0.2 PSI for every 10-degree drop in temperature it experiences after being transferred outdoors.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Super Bowl Saturday? So, what would happen, if a major weather event DID threaten the safety of spectators on Super Bowl Sunday? A weather contingency plan would be enacted. Contingency plans more or less move the game from its traditional Sunday spot to the Friday or  Saturday of Super Bowl week, or the following Monday or Tuesday. Which day the game is postponed to is a decision thats made closely with meteorologists. For example, if a snowstorm was forecast for Super Bowl night, playing Saturday might be an option. Whereas, if a blizzard hit on a Friday (two days before the scheduled game) it could be the following Tuesday before the city had time to dig out roads and parking lots.   To date, the Super Bowl has never been changed from its originally scheduled date.   If ever  ill weather were to impact the Super Bowl for up to a week, a contingency plan may call for the game to be relocated to another city  altogether.    Super Bowls with the Worst Weather Just because the Super Bowl has eluded all weather-related delays, doesnt mean its game day weather has always been sunny and 60 degrees. Heres a look at some of the weathers most unsettled game days in Super Bowl history.   Super Bowl No. Date Host City Weather Record VI Jan 16, 1972 New Orleans, LA Coldest Super Bowl played at an outdoor venue (39 F). XVI Jan 24, 1982 Pontiac, MI First time Super Bowl was held in a cold-weather city. First Super Bowl played in the snow. XVIII Jan 22, 1984 Tampa, FL Windiest Super Bowl (25 mph wind gusts). XXXIV Jan 30, 2000 Atlanta, GA A rare ice storm hit during Super Bowl week. Atlantas indoor stadium saved it from possible delays. XLI Feb 4, 2007 Miami, FL The first and wettest Super Bowl to be played in the rain. Super Bowl's Worst Weather Games Interested in more facts about weather and the Super Bowl, including observed weather data for each game date? Check out NOAAs Southeast Regional Climate Center Super Bowl Climatology site.

Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay - 669 Words

Benefits of Breastfeeding Mother’s milk is the best food possible for the newborn baby. Breast milk works as an all in one nutritional supplement. Breast milk works as a thirst quencher, medication, food supplement and for the mother it works as a weight loss program with no equal. Although, there are formulas that can be used for replacing breast milk, they do not have the same supplements as the natural milk from the mother. The American Academy of Pediatrics â€Å"†¦recommends that babies be breast-fed for six to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is infant formula.† (Williams, 1995). Breast milk is a perfect combination of nutrients and antibodies for an infant’s fast growing system. Breast milk is made up†¦show more content†¦Breastfeeding also brings the infant closer to the mother. Through breastfeeding, the mother and the child can build a very strong emotional bond. New born infant’s sight is only between 12 to 15 inches. When a baby is breastfeeding, the baby will be able see his or her mothers face from that distance, as well as get accustomed to the smell of the mother. Fathers might be a little jealous at this stage, because there seems to be no need for them at this time. â€Å"One study†¦ showed that the babies who received no breast milk had IQS 8 points lower on average than those who received breast milk.† (Dremer, 1997 , para. 6) One other great benefit of breastfeeding is lowering the cost of everything. Although, the mother will be eating more compared to her normal pre-pregnancy stage, the cost of purchasing extra food for the mother versus buying formula is obvious. Formula tends to be extremely expensive without any of the extra benefits of real human milk. On top of the formula cost, a baby that feeds from breast milk will less likely get sick. This will mean less medical bills. There are occasions where a mother will not be able to breastfeed the baby. Those are very rare but they do happen. As an example, HIV is one of the very few diseases that can be found in breast milk. If breast milk cannot be used, then formula is one of the better solutions. Formulas were created by studying the makeup of breast milk.Show MoreRelatedBenefits And Benefits Of Breastfeeding793 Words   |  4 PagesBe Amazed at the Benefits of Breastfeeding The first instinct of a newborn baby is to reach up and take its first taste of breast milk, which begins to strengthen the bond between the mother and baby. The ability of a mother to produce a nutritionally complete meal for the newborn is one of nature’s wonders and research has confirmed that breastfeeding is linked to healthier mothers and infants in many different ways. Benefits of Breastfeeding Breast milk contains hormones, growth factors, cytokinesRead MoreBreastfeeding And Long Term Benefits Of Breastfeeding Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesAudience The audience intended for this paper are mothers that have a desire to breastfeed, employers, clinicians, breastfeeding advocacy groups and federal and state legislators involved in policy change. Aim The immediate and long-term benefits of breastfeeding have been demonstrated. Mothers are encouraged to begin breastfeeding immediately after delivery, however mothers choosing to breastfeed find numerous challenges once returning to work. There are not appropriate accommodations to supportRead MoreBreastfeeding And Long Term Benefits Of Breastfeeding Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesAim The immediate and long-term benefits of breastfeeding have been demonstrated. Mothers are encouraged to begin breastfeeding immediately after delivery, however mothers choosing to breastfeed find numerous challenges once returning to work. There are not appropriate accommodations to support nursing mothers in the workplace. Although there are law in place to support accommodations in the workplace these laws are not enforced and therefore it is virtually impossible for mothers to continueRead MoreOutline Of The Benefits Of Breastfeeding1508 Words   |  7 PagesOutline The Benefits of Breastfeeding Thesis: Breastfeeding provides unique nutrients for the baby, protects from disease, has health benefits for the mother, and provides a unique bond between mother and baby. I. The array of benefits for an infants’ health A. Mortality and sudden infant death syndrome B. Reduces overweight and obesity a. Reduces the risk of diabetes C. Reduces the risk of childhood leukemia D. Neurodevelopmental outcomes II. The array of health benefits for the mother A. LongerRead MoreBenefits of Breastfeeding Essay595 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough breastfeeding has been known to benefit both the mother and the infant, many women still come across many obstacles to breastfeeding, even after a successful beginning. Most families are partial in their beliefs that are influenced by society’s cues (available places to breastfeed in public) and family traditional norms (whether a family has traditionally participated in breastfeeding or formula feeding; and opinions about the preferred feeding choice in that family) around breastfeeding. ManyRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Breastfeeding Since the invention of formula mothers have had trouble deciding how best to go about feeding their children. Each mother has their own preferred feeding technique, some of whom chose to use both feeding methods depending on the situation. For some mothers breastfeeding is not a viable option for reasons such as lactation issues, busy schedules, and secondary caregivers (Health Psychology). For those mothers whom are able and willing to breastfeed their infants thereRead MoreThe Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers† Statement taken from the world health organization publication on the nutrition of exclusive breastfeeding. The first years of life are the most crucial years for brain, immune system and overall physiological development. This is why, it is extremely important to achieve optimalRead MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers1139 Words   |  5 PagesSummary Breastfeeding is the way of feeding a baby with milk from mother’s breast. There are many benefits of breastfeeding for mothers especially. There is an emotional and physical attachment of mother with the baby. Breastfeeding also helps in minimizing the rates of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, diabetes, arthritis and high blood pressure (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011). One of the main social conditions, which greatly affect breastfeeding, is socio-economic status of women. Women livingRead MoreThe Essay : The Benefits Of Breastfeeding3133 Words   |  13 PagesMargaret Dzenko Professor Kelly Rhetoric and Composition II November 3, 2014 The Benefits of Breastfeeding â€Å"O, thou beautiful damsel, may the four oceans Of the earth contribute the secretion of milk In thy breasts for the purpose for improving The bodily strength of the child O, thou with the beautiful face, may the child Reared on your milk, attain a long life, like The gods made immortal with drinks of nectar† --Sushruta, ancient Indian surgeon (translated) I: INTRODUCTION How a child is rearedRead MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding Premature Infants1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction I chose to research the benefits of breastfeeding premature infants. This will not only include just the benefits, but also the possible complications of not using breast milk, and using formula instead. I chose this topic because of a personal family situation with one of my nephews who was born at 30 weeks weighing it at 3lbs 5oz in the NICU and breast milk was pushed and told it was essential to helping my nephew develop properly enough to be sent home. Whether the newborn is being

Eassyon Socilatization free essay sample

Taking a break from studying around midnight, Sarah decided to drive to get coffee In her brand new convertible Mercedes. On her way to the coffee shop, while looking own to read an Incoming text, she ran a stop sign on a neighborhood street and was pulled over by the police. In a thick Southern accent, the officer asked her for her drivers license and Insurance percolation. As she was handing both to the officer, she realized she was wearing her spring break t-shirt with the words, l survived Spring Break 2012. Nervously, she blurted out, Officer, I am a college student. And I have been studying, and I have not been drinking, and I am just going to get coffee. After receiving a ticket from the police officer she noticed her badge, which stated, Protect and Serve. Her frustration quickly dissipated as she realized that the police officer was carrying out her duty to maintain public safety and her actions could have caused a serious accident. We will write a custom essay sample on Eassyon Socilatization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Contemplating the nights event, she drove 10 miles under the speed limit the rest of the way to the coffee shop. Write an essay that will highlight your understanding of material and monetarily culture. Clearly define material and monetarily culture. Next, identify the elements of culture in the story. Your response should include an analysis of both the material and monetarily culture within the story.

Process of Modernization and How It Affected the Cultures of China and Japan

Introduction Modernization is a complex phenomenon, which is understood differently by different individuals in the world. People consider modernization as a process through which traditional ideas and values are buried in a silent grave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Process of Modernization and How It Affected the Cultures of China and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Science considers modernization as a standardized evolutionary transition from the traditional society into a modern Society. Many scholars and scientists refer modernization as an act of adjusting something to cope with the current prevailing situation. Civilization is an important component of modernization because it involves brushing off the traditional beliefs, values, attitudes, and ideas among individuals in the world. This is meant that modernization is a process that entails bringing renovation, repairs and changing something from the past into the present. Several scientists over the world consider modernization as the process that involves changing a something with an aim of making it to conform to the modern standards. Modernization has originated from the world modernize that refers to changing or altering a something through renovating, repairing and remodeling among others (Gbosoe 5). Discussion There are quite several terms or words that are used to mean the same as modernization for instance, the transformation, reconstruction, renovation and repairing among others. Such words complicate the modernization process as people tries to unveil their usual or real meaning. Many East Asian countries became victims of modernization process long time ago (Ancient times). Among such countries, China and Japan were voted as the most affected nations by modernization process because of the emergent of simple and advanced technologies.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modernization process is considered important though it affects peoples’ cultures in the world. China and Japan through modernization process have achieved new dimensions of culture that contradicts the existing or the traditional ideas, values and beliefs. China underwent two phases of modernization since the start of the 18th century. These two phases are namely; first modernization and the second modernization. The first modernization phase was deemed necessary because it involves or entails the development of the industries economy. The second modernization phase was concerned with development of the intellectual economy (Meng 9). These two phases altered or changed Chinese cultural system since it eroded the traditional ideas, values, beliefs, and attitudes that were considered critical in the traditional society. For instance, in the pre-modern China people contented themselves with farming that was done or carried out o n small-scale systems. The most preferred crops were the indigenous crops because people had little knowledge about cash crops. The transition of from traditional society into modern society led to the emergent of new cash crops that include coffee, coconut, sisal hemp, and oil palm among others. Production of good changed from the home production into industries production. This is to say that during the traditional era, production was home based as opposed to the industry production experienced in the modern society in China. Farming changed from small scale to large-scale farming because of the introduction of agricultural machines that were used by farmers (Grasso, Corrin and Kort 41).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Process of Modernization and How It Affected the Cultures of China and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Agrarian revolution in China led to the emergent of new farming tools that include t ractors, harvesters, mowers and ploughs among others. Animal power came into existence along side with the use of power driven machines in agriculture. This clearly demonstrates how modernization affected the Chinese cultural system. Development of intellectual economy encompass the introduction of new syllabus that entails both writing and reading of written materials such as books, journals, newsletters among others. New disciplines emerged that included medicine, engineering, law and religion that captured the attention of many scholars in China. Education system changed from non-formal into informal education. This happened because of high level of civilization among the Chinese people. China through modernization learnt new or foreign languages that were universal to those of other countries in Asia for instance the use of French and English became common in China. Marriage system changed from the traditional ones into modern ones that involve church weddings and court marriage . Japan also experienced several implications of change through modernization process just like the China (Grasso, Corrin and Kort 57). Modernization in Japan was confused with westernization by many people because they believed that modernization was an act of accepting western culture that had a great influence in people lives. It came alongside with the industrial revolution that began in England and extended or expanded into other nations including Japan and China. Japanese culture was altered by the introduction of spinning machine during the industrial revolution era.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People began using modern tools and equipments (machines) that were considered faster because some of them were power driven machines. Agriculture shift from animal keeping into the growing of crops both indigenous and cash crops. Japanese embraced modernity by adopting western culture whereby they began wearing clothes that belongs to western people (Gbosoe 21). They inherited new hairstyles from western and also their houses and other structures were made from western design. The advancement in technology gave birth to the introduction of new machines critical in communication field such as emergent and use of telephones, airplanes, TV, computers and surveillance cameras. All these illustrate the achievement of modernization in Japan. Through technology advancement, Japan had experienced rapid economic growth. I pre-modern Japan, communication was made through face-to-face expression which was a slow means of conveying public information. Telephones speed up the spread of informat ion in Japan within a short duration or period of time. In the traditional or pre-Japan society, people used to spend most of their times in farms. Modernization altered people ways of living through rural-urban migration that came because of industrial revolution that led to development of cities. Japanese migrated into the city looking for jobs, which was contrary to the traditional ways of living in pre-modern era (Barrett 45). Modernization process brought transition from traditional small scale social institutions into modern large scale social institutions that include the government, industry and businesses among others. This is a clear implication of the effects or impacts of modernization process in Japan. Modernization led to increasingly spread of science that resulted into high levels of literacy in Japan just like in any other Asian nation. In traditional Japan, religious activities were conducted in shrines whereby people used to slaughter animals such as sheep, goats and cows as means of giving thanks to their God or creator. This changed gradually with the spread of industrial revolution in Japan that led to modernization. People started carrying out their religious activities in temples or churches. Conclusion Modernization process as discussed within the context of this study paved in through industrial revolution. Many East Asia countries such as China and Japan were severely affected by modernization process since it brings about alterations in their cultural systems. Through modernization, both China and Japan witnessed the development of large-scale social institutions that played vital role in countries economy. The study is of much help or useful to the reader because it explores the concept of modernization process based on its origin and impacts on people ways of living (culture). Works Cited Barrett, Brendan. Ecological modernization and Japan. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2005. Print. Gbosoe, Gbingba. Modernization of Japan. Unit ed Kingdom: Universe Publishers, 2006. Print. Grasso, June, Corrin, Jay and Kort, Michael. Modernization and revolution in China: From the opium wars to the Olympics. London: M.E. Sharpe, 2009. Print. Meng, Fanchen. China on the way to modernization: perspectives from Chinese view. London: Cuvillier Verlag, 2005. This essay on Process of Modernization and How It Affected the Cultures of China and Japan was written and submitted by user Mia C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Visiting the Johnson Houston Space Center

Visiting the Johnson Houston Space Center Every NASA mission is controlled from the Johnson Space Center (JSC)   in Houston, Texas. Thats why you often hear astronauts on orbit call out Houston. when theyre communicating to Earth.   JSC is more than just mission control; it also houses training facilities for the astronauts and mockups for future missions.   As you can imagine, JSC is a popular place to visit. To help visitors get the most out of their trip to JSC, NASA worked with the Manned Space Flight Education Foundation to create a unique visitor experience called Space Center Houston.  Its open most days of the year and offers a lot in the way of space education, exhibits, and experiences. Here are a few of the highlights, and you can learn more at the centers website.  Heres what to do at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.   Space Center Theater People of all ages are fascinated with what it takes to be an astronaut. This attraction shows the excitement, the commitment and the risks taken by the people who fly in space. Here we can see the evolution of the equipment and the training of the men and women who dreamed to be astronauts. We want guests to experience first hand what it takes to be an astronaut. The film, shown on a 5-story tall screen, takes the viewer by the heart to bring them into the life of an astronaut from the time they receive notification of their acceptance into the training program to their first mission. Blast Off Theater The only place in the world where you can personally experience the thrill of launching into space like a real astronaut. Not just a movie; its the thrill of personally feeling the launch into space - from the rocket boosters to the billowing exhaust. After docking at the International Space Station, guests enter the Blastoff Theater for an update on current shuttle missions, as well as details on the exploration of Mars. NASA Tram Tour With this behind-the-scenes journey through NASAs Johnson Space Center, you may visit the Historic Mission Control Center, the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility or the current Mission Control Center. Before returning to Space Center Houston, you can visit the all new Saturn V Complex at Rocket Park. Occasionally, the tour may visit other facilities, such as the Sonny Carter Training Facility or Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. You may even get to see astronauts training for upcoming missions. Keep in mind that the buildings visited on the tram tour are real working areas of Johnson Space Center and are subject to closure without notice. Astronaut Gallery The Astronaut Gallery is an unparalleled exhibit featuring the worlds best collection of spacesuits. Astronaut John Youngs ejection suit and Judy Resniks T-38 flightsuit are two of the many spacesuits on display. The walls of the Astronaut Gallery also contain portraits and crew photos of every U.S. astronaut who has flown in space. The Feel of Space The Living in Space module simulates what life could be like for astronauts aboard the space station. A Mission Briefing Officer gives a live presentation on how astronauts live in a space environment. It uses humor to show how the smallest tasks like showering and eating are complicated by a microgravity environment. A volunteer from the audience helps to prove the point. Beyond the Living in Space Module are 24 part task trainers that use sophisticated computer technology to provide visitors with the experience of landing the orbiter, retrieving a satellite or exploring the shuttle systems. Starship Gallery The journey into space begins with the film On Human Destiny at the Destiny Theater. Artifacts and hardware on display in the Starship Gallery trace the progression of Americas Manned Space Flight. This incredible collection includes: an original model of the Goddard Rocket; the actual Mercury Atlas 9 Faith 7 capsule flown by Gordon Cooper; the Gemini V Spacecraft piloted by Pete Conrad and Gordon Cooper; a Lunar Roving Vehicle Trainer, the Apollo 17 Command Module, the giant Skylab Trainer, and the Apollo-Soyuz Trainer. Kids Space Place Kids Space Place was created for children of all ages who have always dreamed of experiencing the same things astronauts do in space. Interactive exhibits and themed area make exploring the different aspects of space and the manned space flight program loads of fun. Inside Kids Space Place, guests can explore and experiment commanding the space shuttle or living on the space station. (Age and/or height restrictions may apply on some activities.) Level 9 Tour The Level Nine Tour takes you behind the scenes to see the real world of NASA up close and personal. On this four-hour tour you will see things that only the astronauts see and eat what and where they eat. All your questions will be answered by a very knowledgeable Tour Guide as you discover the secrets that have been kept behind closed doors for years. The Level Nine Tour is Monday-Friday and includes a FREE HOT LUNCH in the astronauts cafeteria which makes it a Big Bang for your buck! The only security clearance is that you must be 14 years of age or older. The Space Center Houston is one of the most worthwhile trips any space fan can make. It combines history and real-time exploration in one fascinating day!   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison Essay Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison Essay Essay There are many similarities and differences between the three ways of life we have been studying for the past week. Each has its own unique purpose and type of people. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism all have similar and different qualities. I will explain similarities and differences in this essay. The basic beliefs and concepts of Confucianism are similar to Taoism in the sense that they want peace and good behavior. The Buddhists, on the other hand, strictly have the purpose to reach Nirvana and follow the four noble truths. The overall goal of Confucian is different than Buddhism and Taoism because the overall goal of the Confucius is to find their peaceful and harmonious place in life, while the two others have no overall goal. The goal of the individual believer is similar in Confucianism and Buddhism because they each follow a certain behavior and want to be in harmony with nature. The Tao just have to follow the life according to the Tao. All of the three beliefs have a different view on life. The Confucians believe that you should be improved by education and development of your character. The Tao believed that the life you lived with the Tao ways was good and following societys ways was very bad. The Buddhist believe that there will always be negativity in life, and that all life has a lot of suffering in it. Therefore, you cannot change that. This is why the Buddhists think reincarnation is a bad thing. There is a similar bond between the Confucians and the Tao in the category rules and behavior. They both believe that you must act accordingly in some way. These two are different also in the sense that Tao believe the life is to be lived according to the Tao and Confucians believe to live it according to actions. Also, the Confucians believed you need to understand the relationship with family, and to follow the five goals of Confucianism. The Buddhists had a totally different idea for this though they believe that you just need to follow behavior in the ways of the eightfold path and the nine precepts. In the category of view of society, each belief has a different view. The Confucians believed that you develop good character through a good life and that everyone has their own role. The Taos thought society to be negative. They believed that it was artificial and went against all beliefs of the Tao. The Buddhists usually have an explanation and opinion for everything, but in this case they didnt. Each belief influenced China in a unique way. The Confucians influenced the basis of society, family structure, and the government for thousands of years. The Tao influenced the poetry types Li-Po and TuFu. The Buddhists influenced China by the improvement of landscape painting and that was pretty much it. As you can see Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism are very different, but at the same time they are very similar. Each belief has its unique view on basic beliefs, overall goals, goals of the individual believer, view of life, rules of behavior, views of society and influence on China. Even though some of the views are negative it is the only way the people of that belief know. Religion .

To what extent might it be considered that a new aesthetic paradigm is Essay

To what extent might it be considered that a new aesthetic paradigm is emerging in the 21th century that makes the study of 'aes - Essay Example It is digital and born on the internet (Bridle, 2011). It is generally intelligent and it is diffuse and includes different smaller pieces which are loosely connected with each other. It is a collaborative desire to cover different elements of aesthetic activity, including music, painting, dance, sculpting, photography, and glitch imagery (Bridle, 2011). One of the major contributors to the idea of the new aesthetic has been seen in the establishment of the way in which digital activities and daily activities are gradually connecting with each other. The new aesthetic also secures a starting point in the assessment of Marx’s theories of machines (Sterling, 2012). It shifts from earlier discussions on machine labour being an extension of human actions, in the end, eliminating human barriers which is seen in designers and those who follow these designs. The New Aesthetic indicates a change in production different from Marx’s perspectives. As machines are dependent on huma n control according to Marx, those seen in the New Aesthetic work eliminate the human element (Bridle, 2011). They consider digitalization, and eliminate the human labour involved in the production elements. ... Such paradigms also do not invite other song and genre choices which are actually the more popular choices among the greater youth population. Popular music is not represented in the music education programs, and as a result, most of the materials which the teachers and students work with are irrelevant. The public and private sector teaching posts have decreased in terms of music teachers and musicians, including audience numbers (Abril and Gault, 2008). The current music educational system is actually not sustainable. The entire system is gradually being eroded on all sides, especially with teachers not being in touch with what is current, what is relevant in the music education system. The problem is very much extensive and complicated (Moore, 2011). It is therefore important to assess the music industry and the educational trends in order to understand the current issue. It is also important to evaluate how music relevancy can be utilized as the basis for securing flexible educat ion models and reviving the music programs in schools. Music education as seen from a music relevancy perspective would consider the music held relevant by the community (Abril and Gault, 2008). Such music education would be very much valuable to students especially as it would provide perspectives into the music that they are exposed to and are listening to every day. A music education curriculum which is strongly in line with the current music trends would be focused on current popular trends, including rock, R&B, country, Hip-hop and alternative music (Abril and Gault, 2008). Instructions in music instruments would mostly be on guitar, keyboard, drums, and other popular musical instruments. These new

Business ethics homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business ethics homework - Essay Example Another example would be child pornography. A community may have strong moral beliefs against the practice, but allow it to continue because it brings financial gain to the community through its distribution. What are the six characteristic that distinguish moral standards? Explain each. The first considers injury or harm to others. Moral standards on prohibiting rape, murder, slander or assault fall under these standards. The second is that moral standards are not changed or imposed by authoritative sources, such as politicians dictating community moral policy. The third is that moral standards should be the preferred reasoning rather than self-gain. If self-interest does not abide by moral standards, it is morally incorrect. The fourth is the concept of impartial determinations. This means that it is wrong to steal even if the individual gains from the action and thus it cannot be justified. The fifth is special emotions, meaning there should be some presence of shame or guilt if a moral code has been broken. The last characteristic is logical assessment of the problem, where there must be justifiable criteria used when making moral judgments, such as facts, evidence, or motive. What are the three basic types of ethical issues? Give an example – your own example – of an ethical issue for each type. The three types of ethical issues are corporate, individual and systemic. Corporate ethics would deal with organization’s hiring practices, whether adhering to non-discrimination in the recruitment and selection process. Hiring an attractive woman over a less-attractive female would raise ethical questions about leadership or corporate policy. An example of individual ethics would be how a person applies moral codes to actual actions, such as a police officer accepting a cash payment in favor of releasing an arrested citizen for criminal behavior. A systemic ethics example would include a politician cancelling regulation for a business in favor of campaign contributions. What is Velasquez’s conclusion about how moral obligations apply to business organizations? Can companies be held morally responsible for what they do, or are the individuals who make up the company the ones we must hold responsible? Velasquez believes the same moral standards should be upheld with the business as they are to the individual. Both employees and the business need to be held to the same social codes of morality that apply to people outside of the business environment. Thus, yes, businesses can be held responsible for their morally reasoning and actions. As one example, the business must establish policies that prevent harm to others. Neglecting this imperative holds the company morally responsible. If, however, immoral behavior occurs within the business, leaders can be excused from moral responsibility through the excusing condition where ignorance of the act can be established or when inability to provide alternative moral reasoning are influenced by business environment. Workers are considered the moral and loyal agents to the business, thus they must rationalize decision-making against an accepted moral code. What is ethical relativism? What are the difficulties with the theory? Explain each.

Feminist Spirituality and Goddess Religion Essay -- essays research pa

Feminist Spirituality and Goddess Religion Thousands of years ago, the Goddess was viewed as an autonomous entity worthy of respect from men and women alike. Because of societal changes caused by Eastern influence, a patriarchial system conquered all aspects of life including religion. â€Å"Furthermore, most feminists interested in goddesses are women who strongly reject western patriarchal theology†(Culpepper 51). Thus, there was this very strong feminist idea of women being the prime in the early part of the 17th and the 18th century. Today, the loss of a strong female presence in Judeo-Christian beliefs has prompted believers to look to other sources that celebrate the role of women. Men and women have increasingly embraced goddess religion and feminist spirituality as an alternative to the patriarchy found in traditional biblical religion of the past and the present. In this paper, I would like to discuss this whole issue of the uprising of women spirituality in the United States and also the formation of these so called Goddess Religions, and the ways in which these religions are changing the face of American societal believes. My argument will be supporting the central theme of the movie ‘Women & Spirituality: A Full Circle’, the one that was featured in the lecture. I would like to discuss the main ideas on which this religion is based, the way in which it has come back a full circle and also its adjusting to this modern American society full of many other religions having different ideologies. Within a few thousand years the first recognizable human society developed worship of the ‘Great Goddess’ or ‘Great Mother’. For these people, deity was female. The importance of fertility in crops, domesticated animals, wild animals and in the tribe itself was of paramount importance to their survival. Thus, the Female life-giving principle was considered divine and an enigma. This culture lasted for tens of thousands of years, generally living in peace. Males and females were treated equally. Their society was matrilineal--children took their mothers' names, but not a matriarchy (Christ 58-59). Life and time was experienced as a repetitive cycle, not linearly as is accepted today. Even the movie we saw in the lecture reflected this basic idea of women being the soul of every living thing on this earth and the gist of life was women. However, Eastern... ...ind of religion that can save our mother nature and also our earth’s resources for our future generations and provide us all with a better and safer life ahead. Women in all cases should have equal respect and importance in society, or else this world and life on it would cease! Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culpepper, Emily E. â€Å"Contemporary Goddess Thealogy: A Sympathetic Critique†, ed. Clarissa W. Atkinson and Margaret R. Miles. Michigan: U.M.I. Research Press, 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christ, Carol P. â€Å"Why Women Need the Goddess: Phenomenal, Psychological, and Political Reflections† in Woman Spirit Rising, ed. Carol. P. Christ and Judith Plaskow. San Francisco: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1979. Pp276-285 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miles R. Margaret. â€Å"Violence against Women in the Historical Christian West and in North American Secular Culture: The Visual and Textual Evidence†. ed. Clarissa W. Atkinson and Margaret R. Miles. Michigan: U.M.I. Research Press, 1987. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christ, Carol P. â€Å"Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality†. New York City: Routledge, 1997. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corbett, Julia M. â€Å"Religion in America-4th edition†. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. Pp 290-295.

Fine Arts of Spain at the end of the Golden Age Essay

The Spanish society during the late 1600s seemed to be a confused society as there were some developments that were so dominating. First is the series of defeats in war against France that had given Spain it first taste of what it means to be a conquered nation, second is the decline of Castile hegemony resulting to the weakening of the imperial state prompting Castilian aristocracy to take advantage of a weakened monarchy, and began to take affairs of the imperial states in their own hands, and third, is the shift of gender emphasis which may have caused all this declines and defeats. Feminization spread all through out Spanish society. According to Sedney Donel (2003), the â€Å"fear of imminent feminization of the general male populace in Imperial Spain is especially visible in certain pictorial images of the spiritual disintegration of Castilian hegemony† (Donell 2003, p. 152). According to Donell, during most artist painting illustrates â€Å"the feeling of despair and fatalism that swept over Spain as its empire began to crumble† (Donell, p. 152) What does it mean when stated that a System of Values was arising†¦? I would say that the above statement refers to the gender problems that gripped Spain during the so-called ‘golden age. ’ The rise of cultural anxiety over gender brought about by feminization has created a new value system that is associated with the love of art had contributed to the decline of the Spanish nation. Donell noted that aristocracy had embraced feminization, and even most members of this group â€Å"no longer had the means to build lavish palaces, but they consumed lavishly and became ostentatious patrons of the arts† (Donell, p. 157), which resulted in the unfolding national tragedy. Donell aptly calls this â€Å"a paradox between an economy in ruin and a cultural production that had entered a golden age† (Donnel, p. 157). It means that the values that were in Spain during this time were about the love of arts and female gender appreciation. Both Philip III and Philip were lovers of drama and did not spend much time on governing but on leisure and court fiestas. Characteristics that can be seen in El Greco Paintings The characteristic of El Greco’s paintings defect his deep devotion to Roman Catholicism and his wide knowledge of his religion. His painting also defect masculine character probably in response to the prevailing gender emphasis attracting men even in the aristocracy. Quoting Marcelin Defourneaux, Donell described the scenario, he stated â€Å"The fashion of short hair had given place to the wearing of it long, or a wig; the use perfumes and even make-up was common among of high distinction that you no longer know whether you are talking to men or to their sisters† (Donell 2003, p. 156) Thus the characteristic of his paintings seemed reminds the role that men ought to be in the society. The Paintings of Diego Velasquez Based on his available paintings, Diego Velasquez interest in paintings was not focus on religion alone. Obviously he loves to paint monarchs depicting their everyday lives, and many of his paintings were of the princess and prince and king and queen of Spain. His relation to El Greco was that he was a disciple of El Greco about modern arts. Beyond this nothing more was said about their relations. The Paintings of Bartolome Esteban Murillo Most of Murillo’s paintings expressed the childish figures and expression of serenity, sweetness, innocence, faith, tranquility, and devotion. He would also love to present the cheerful aspect of spiritual life. His religious compositions emphasized the main subject usually surrounded by angels with vaporous background to accentuate the central theme. Murillo’s painting has some similarities with that of Velasquez and El Greco. Murillo and Velasquez both created paintings that depict everyday living having children as the central subject. Both had influence of Italian way of paintings. El Greco’s painting could be considered similar with that of Murillo in such a way that they loved painting religious images. The Habsburg Kings and their Rule in Spain The Habsburg refers to the royal family that ruled Europe for over six centuries. They were known for their contribution in the advancement of Roman Catholic Church. Their regime started in old Switzerland (Swabia) and extended its holdings to other parts of Europe. The Habsburg kings in Spain that began in 1516 contributed in the centralization of Spain and the advancement of Roman Catholicism in that county. During this period, Spain reached the pinnacle of its power to many nations such as Philippines and many American colonies. Castile and Separatism Castile or Castilla is a former kingdom in Spain, which derived its name from the large castles built in that place. It was under the rule of Moors from 8th century to 1035 until Ferdinand I conquered it. The kingdom expanded when Ferdinand II married Isabella I of Castile in 1469. The merging of the two kingdoms strengthened Catholic religion and weakened the Arab strongholds, and even to the point of vanishing of them. It was during this period that Spain had divided political structure because of religious values and regional identity. Moriscos Morisco is a term given to Moslems in Spain and Portugal who were converted by force to Catholicism but continuously practicing their own faith. These Moriscos suffered from discrimination and persecution so they were driven out to North Africa. Prior to expulsion, these people were given religious freedom under the Treaty of Granada though; they were persecuted, which caused rebellions in 1499 and in 1568 to 1571. And in 1609 to 1614, these Moriscos with an estimate number at around 300,000 were totally expelled from Spain Religiosity Spanish people’s religiosity is articulated in such a way that parents transmit this belief to their offspring. It has often seen in this country some religious practices that are performed by almost all family members such as attending mass and festivities. As a practice, Spanish people observed religious festivals in remembrance of saints. Religion has the biggest contribution in the development of their culture as a country. The State of the Spanish Society Spanish society was characterized by strong regionalism and religiosity. However, a unified Spain was achieved when they finally confided themselves in one religion and one political structure especially during the reign of Ferdinand II and Isabella I. Most of the members of their society comprised the knights, bishops, nobility, and townspeople. During the reign of Ferdinand II, they had a unified Spain with advancement in trade, centralized institutions, central banking system, and advance science and discovery. Philip IV, His Son Charles, and the Pope: The French to the Spanish Crown Philip IV inherited the crown in 1621, at the age of 16, and through his reign the dream of hegemonic Spain was pervasive despite the kingdoms vulnerability both internationally and domestically. Though he implemented several economic reforms yet his reign was characterized as the end of Spain’s hegemonic era, and Castile experience utter defeat. After Philip IV’ death his son Charles II inherited the throne in 1668. However his reign was characterized by weak monarchy, and was known as golden age for the privileged classes particularly the Castilian aristocracy who took advantage of the weak monarchy. According to Charles Knight (1840), the Pope’s interest in Spain was that he wanted to restore Spain to her rank and power among nations (Knight1840, p. 78). It can be recalled that Spain under Philip IV suffered humiliating defeat and lost her prestige as hegemonic nation. Reference List Donell, S. (2003) Femenizing the Enemy: Imperial Spain, Transvestite Dramma, and the Crises: USA: Bucknell University Press. Knight, Charles. (1840) Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Encyclopedias and Dictionaries.

Profile of Jane Addams, Founder of Hull House

Humanitarian and social reformer Jane Addams, born into wealth and privilege, devoted herself to improving the lives of those less fortunate. Although she is best remembered for establishing Hull House (a settlement house in Chicago for immigrants and the poor), Addams was also deeply committed to promoting peace, civil rights, and womens right to vote. Addams was a founding member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union. As a recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize, she was the first American woman to receive that honor. Jane Addams is considered by many a pioneer in the field of modern social work. Dates: September 6, 1860—May 21, 1935 Also Known As: Laura Jane Addams (born as), Saint Jane, Angel of Hull House Childhood in Illinois Laura Jane Addams was born September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois to Sarah Weber Addams and John Huy Addams. She was the eighth of nine children, four of whom did not survive infancy. Sarah Addams died a week after giving birth to a premature baby (who  also died) in 1863 when Laura Jane—later known just as Jane—was only two years old. Janes father ran a successful mill business, which enabled him to build a large, beautiful home for his family. John Addams was also an Illinois state senator and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whose anti-slavery sentiments he shared. Jane learned as an adult that her father had been a conductor on the Underground Railroad and had helped escaped slaves as they made their way to Canada. When Jane was six, the family suffered another loss—her 16-year old sister Martha succumbed to typhoid fever. The following year, John Addams married Anna Haldeman, a widow with two sons. Jane became close to her new stepbrother George, who was only six months younger than her. They attended school together and both planned to go to college one day. College Days Jane Addams had set her sights on Smith College, a prestigious womens school in Massachusetts, with the goal of eventually earning a medical degree. After months of preparing for the difficult entrance exams, 16-year-old Jane learned in July 1877 that shed been accepted at Smith. John Addams, however, had different plans for Jane. After losing his first wife and five of his children, he didnt want his daughter to move so far away from home. Addams insisted that Jane enroll in Rockford Female Seminary, a Presbyterian-based womens school in nearby Rockford, Illinois that her sisters had attended. Jane had no other choice but to obey her father. Rockford Female Seminary schooled its students in both academics and religion in a strict, regimented atmosphere. Jane settled into the routine, becoming a confident writer and public speaker by the time she graduated in 1881. Many of her classmates went on to become missionaries, but Jane Addams believed that she could find a way of serving mankind without promoting Christianity. Although a spiritual person, Jane Addams did not belong to any particular church. Difficult Times for Jane Addams Returning home to her fathers house, Addams felt lost, uncertain about what to do next with her life. Postponing any decision about her future, she chose to accompany her father and stepmother on a trip to Michigan instead. The trip ended in tragedy when John Addams became gravely ill and died suddenly of appendicitis. A grieving Jane Addams, seeking direction in her life, applied to the Womens Medical College of Philadelphia, where she was accepted for the fall of 1881. Addams coped with her loss by immersing herself in her studies at the medical college. Unfortunately, only months after shed begun classes, she developed chronic back pain, caused by the curvature of the spine. Addams had surgery in late 1882 which improved her condition somewhat, but following a lengthy, difficult recovery period, decided that she would not return to school. A Life-Changing Journey Addams next embarked upon a trip abroad, a traditional rite of passage among wealthy young people in the nineteenth century. Accompanied by her stepmother and cousins, Addams sailed to Europe for a two-year tour in 1883. What began as an exploration of the sights and cultures of Europe became, in fact, an eye-opening experience for Addams. Addams was stunned by the poverty she witnessed in the slums of European cities. One episode in particular affected her deeply. The tour bus she was riding stopped on a street in the impoverished East End of London. A group of unwashed, raggedly-dressed people stood in line, waiting to purchase rotten produce that had been discarded by merchants. Addams watched as one man paid for a spoiled cabbage, then gobbled it down -- neither washed nor cooked. She was horrified that the city would allow its citizens to live in such wretched conditions. Grateful for all of her own blessings, Jane Addams believed it was her duty to help those less fortunate. She had inherited a large sum of money from her father but was not yet sure how she could best put it to use. Jane Addams Finds Her Calling Returning to the U.S. in 1885, Addams and her stepmother spent summers in Cedarville and winters in Baltimore, Maryland, where Addams stepbrother George Haldeman attended medical school. Mrs. Addams expressed her fond hope that Jane and George would marry one day. George did have romantic feelings for Jane, but she didnt return the sentiment. Jane Addams was never known to have had a romantic relationship with any man. While in Baltimore, Addams was expected to attend countless parties and social functions with her stepmother. She detested these obligations, preferring instead to visit the citys charitable institutions, such as shelters and orphanages. Still uncertain of what role she could play, Addams decided to go abroad again, hoping to clear her mind. She traveled to Europe in 1887 with Ellen Gates Starr, a friend from the Rockford Seminary. Eventually, inspiration did come to Addams when she visited Ulm Cathedral in Germany, where she felt a sense of unity. Addams envisioned creating what she called a Cathedral of Humanity, a place where people in need could come not only for help with basic needs but also for cultural enrichment.* Addams traveled to London, where she visited an organization that would serve as a model for her project—Toynbee Hall. Toynbee Hall was a settlement house, where young, educated men lived in a poor community in order to get to know its residents and to learn how best to serve them. Addams proposed that she would open such a center in an American city. Starr agreed to help her. Founding Hull House Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr decided upon Chicago as the ideal city for their new venture. Starr had worked as a teacher in Chicago and was familiar with the citys neighborhoods; she also knew several prominent people there. The women moved to Chicago in January 1889 when Addams was 28 years old. Addams family thought her idea was absurd, but she would not be dissuaded. She and Starr set out to find a large house situated in an underprivileged area. After weeks of searching, they found a house in Chicagos 19th Ward that had been built 33 years earlier by businessman Charles Hull. The house had once been surrounded by farmland, but the neighborhood had evolved into an industrial area. Addams and Starr renovated the house and moved in on September 18, 1889. Neighbors were reluctant at first to pay them a visit, suspicious about what the two well-dressed womens motives might be. Visitors, mainly immigrants, began to trickle in, and Addams and Starr quickly learned to set priorities based upon the needs of their clients. It soon became apparent that providing childcare for working parents was a top priority. Assembling a group of well-educated volunteers, Addams and Starr set up a kindergarten class, as well as programs and lectures for both children and adults. They provided other vital services, such as finding jobs for the unemployed, caring for the sick, and supplying food and clothing to the needy. (Pictures of Hull House) Hull House attracted the attention of wealthy Chicagoans, many of whom wanted to help. Addams solicited donations from them, allowing her to build a play area for the children, as well as to add a library, an art gallery, and even a post office. Eventually, Hull House took up an entire block of the neighborhood. Working for Social Reform As Addams and Starr familiarized themselves with the living conditions of the people around them, they recognized the need for real social reform. Well-acquainted with many children who worked more than 60 hours a week, Addams and her volunteers worked to change child labor laws. They provided lawmakers with information they had compiled and spoke at community gatherings. In 1893, the Factory Act, which limited the number of hours a child could work, was passed in Illinois. Other causes championed by Addams and her colleagues included improving conditions in mental hospitals and poorhouses, creating a juvenile court system, and promoting the unionization of working women. Addams also worked to reform employment agencies, many of which used dishonest practices, especially in dealing with vulnerable new immigrants. A state law was passed in 1899 that regulated those agencies. Addams became personally involved with another issue: uncollected garbage on the streets in her neighborhood. The garbage, she argued, attracted vermin and contributed to the spread of disease. In 1895, Addams went to City Hall to protest and came away as the newly-appointed garbage inspector for the 19th Ward. She took her job seriously -- the only paying position shed ever held. Addams rose at dawn, climbing into her carriage to follow and monitor trash collectors. After her one-year term, Addams was happy to report a reduced death rate in the 19th Ward. Jane Addams: A National Figure By the early twentieth century, Addams had become well-respected as an advocate for the poor. Thanks to the success of Hull House, settlement houses were established in other major American cities. Addams developed a friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt, who was impressed by the changes she had effected in Chicago. The President stopped by to visit her at Hull House whenever he was in town. As one of Americas most admired women, Addams found new opportunities to give speeches and to write about social reform. She shared her knowledge with others in the hope that more of the underprivileged would receive the help they needed. In 1910, when she was fifty years old, Addams published her autobiography, Twenty Years at Hull House. Addams became increasingly involved in more far-reaching causes. An ardent advocate for womens rights, Addams was elected vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1911 and campaigned actively for womens right to vote. When Theodore Roosevelt ran for re-election as a Progressive Party candidate in 1912, his platform contained many of the social reform policies endorsed by Addams. She supported Roosevelt but disagreed with his decision not to allow African-Americans to be part of the partys convention. Committed to racial equality, Addams had helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Roosevelt went on to lose the election to Woodrow Wilson. World War I A lifelong pacifist, Addams advocated for peace during World War I. She was strongly opposed to the United States entering the war and became involved in two peace organizations: the Womans Peace Party (which she led) and the International Congress of Women. The latter was a worldwide movement with thousands of members who convened to work on strategies for avoiding war. Despite the best efforts of these organizations, the United States entered the war in April 1917. Addams was reviled by many for her anti-war stance. Some saw her as anti-patriotic, even traitorous. After the war, Addams toured Europe with members of the International Congress of Women. The women were horrified by the destruction they witnessed and were especially affected by the many starving children they saw. When Addams and her group suggested that starving German children deserved to be helped as much as any other child, they were accused of sympathizing with the enemy. Addams Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Addams continued to work for world peace, traveling around the world throughout the 1920s as the president of a new organization, the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Exhausted by the constant travel, Addams developed health problems and suffered a heart attack in 1926, forcing her to resign her leadership role in the WILPF. She completed the second volume of her autobiography, The Second Twenty Years at Hull House, in 1929. During the Great Depression, public sentiment once again favored Jane Addams. She was widely praised for all that she had accomplished and was honored by many institutions. Her greatest honor came in 1931 when Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work to promote peace worldwide. Because of ill health, she was unable to travel to Norway to accept it. Addams donated most of her prize money to the WILPF. Jane Addams died of intestinal cancer on May 21, 1935, only three days after her illness had been discovered during exploratory surgery. She was 74 years old. Thousands attended her funeral, fittingly held at Hull House. The Womens International League for Peace and Freedom is still active today; the Hull House Association was forced to close in January 2012 due to lack of funding. Source Jane Addams described her Cathedral of Humanity in her book Twenty Years at Hull House (Cambridge: Andover-Harvard Theological Library, 1910) 149.